Journal of Infertility and Reproductive Biology
The Journal of Infertility and Reproductive Biology (JIRB) is a quarterly, peer-reviewed, open-access journal dedicated to publishing high-quality research and review articles in all areas of infertility and reproductive sciences. The journal provides a scholarly platform for the dissemination of innovative research findings and critical analyses that advance understanding in reproductive medicine, biology, endocrinology, genetics, and related disciplines. JIRB is published and financially supported by Dorma Journals, Dubai, United Arab Emirates. As an open-access journal, all articles are freely available to readers worldwide, ensuring high visibility, wide dissemination, and global access to scientific knowledge without publication or subscription fees. The journal is guided by a distinguished international Editorial Board and supported by a panel of expert reviewers from renowned universities and research institutes across Germany, Spain, Iran, South Korea, India, Bangladesh, and many other countries. The editorial team is committed to maintaining the highest standards of publication ethics, scientific quality, and editorial integrity. All manuscripts submitted to JIRB undergo a rigorous peer-review process, including double-blind evaluation by at least three independent reviewers, followed by a final assessment by the journal’s editors. This process ensures that only original, methodologically sound, and scientifically valuable research is published. JIRB welcomes original research papers, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses that contribute to advancements in reproductive health, infertility diagnosis and treatment, assisted reproductive technologies, reproductive genetics, and related fields. Through its commitment to quality and openness, the journal aims to serve as a reliable source of information for clinicians, researchers, and scholars in reproductive sciences
Transcriptomic Patterns in Endometriosis: From Molecular Mechanisms to Biomarker Potential-A Mini-Review
Abstract Endometriosis is a chronic, estrogen-dependent gynecological disorder characterized by the presence of endometrial-like tissue outside the uterine cavity, frequently associated with pelvic pain and infertility. Advances in high-throughput transcriptomic technologies have enabled comprehensive profiling of both coding and non-coding RNAs, yielding novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying this complex condition. Differential expression analyses consistently reveal aberrant regulation of mRNAs involved in inflammation, angiogenesis, extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, and hormone receptor signaling. In parallel, microRNAs (miRNAs) are increasingly recognized as crucial post-transcriptional regulators that contribute to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), cell survival, and immune dysregulation. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) further complicate this landscape by functioning as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs), sequestering miRNAs and indirectly modulating gene expression networks. The integration of these transcriptomic patterns suggests the existence of intricate, interconnected regulatory networks that drive lesion establishment and progression. Furthermore, circulating RNAs in serum and plasma show considerable promise as non-invasive biomarkers, while RNA-targeted interventions may represent novel therapeutic avenues. This mini-review synthesizes current knowledge on transcriptomic alterations in endometriosis, highlighting their diagnostic potential, mechanistic significance, and future implications for precision medicine.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Infertility and Reproductive Biology
The Emerging Role of ARID1A Expression and Its Promoter in Pathogenesis of Adenomyosis: a Narrative Review
Adenomyosis is a benign gynecological condition characterized by the presence of endometrial glands and stroma within the myometrium. It affects reproductive-aged women and causes significant morbidity. Recent evidence suggests that downregulation and mutation of ARID1A, a tumor suppressor gene and its epigenetic alteration that cause chromatin remodeling complexes, play crucial roles in adenomyosis pathogenesis. This narrative review aims to synthesize current evidence on the Role of ARID1A Expression and Its Promoter in adenomyosis pathogenesis. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases for studies published between 2015 and 2025. Search terms included "adenomyosis," "ARID1A," "oxidative stress," "DNA methylation," "chromatin remodeling," and "epigenetics." Studies investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying adenomyosis, particularly those examining ARID1A function, oxidative stress, and DNA methylation patterns, were included. We found that there are complex relationships among oxidative stress, ARID1A expression, and DNA methylation in the pathogenesis of adenomyosis. The interactions between oxidative damage, chromatin dysfunction, and genomic instability suggest that adenomyosis is an epigenetic disease driven by oxidative stress.
Co-administration of Atorvastatin with Piperine Induced Reproductive Toxicity in Male Wistar Rats: Histological, Biochemical, Hormonal and Sperm Parameter-Based Evidences
Atorvastatin (ATR) is a synthetic competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A. A reductase that impedes the rate-limiting phase of cholesterol production. Piperine (PIP) is an alkaloid present in the fruits of black pepper (Piper nigrum), a widely utilised and commonly employed spice. Piperine enhances the absorption of atorvastatin, and both substances are recognised for their male antifertility effects. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of co-administration of atorvastatin and piperine on the reproductive capacity of male Wistar rats. We acquired twenty male rats and partitioned them into four groups, each comprising five rats. Group I: control; Group II: provided atorvastatin (8 mg/kg BW); Group III: administered piperine (10 mg/kg BW); Group IV: co-administered atorvastatin (8 mg/kg BW) and piperine (10 mg/kg BW) for a duration of 28 consecutive days. The results of our investigation indicated that the co-administration of piperine and atorvastatin modified the histoarchitectural structures of the seminal vesicles, epididymis, and seminiferous tubules, and significantly reduced the weight of these reproductive organs. In rats administered atorvastatin and piperine concurrently, there was a substantial (p < 0.05) reduction in sperm count and viability. ELISA analysis of blood testosterone levels indicated a substantial reduction in rats co-treated with ATR and PIP. The co-administration of ATR and PIP resulted in reproductive toxicity via influencing hormonal, metabolic, histological, and sperm-related parameters.
A Brief Clinical Overview of Etiological Factors in Infertility
Infertility is the inability to conceive after one year of cohabitation without the use of any contraceptives. Infertility is a common problem that affects one in six couples. Some of the causes of infertility in men include varicocele, testicular torsion or trauma, cryptorchidism, infections of the seminal vesicles, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, genital dyskinesia, reproductive canals obstruction, anti-sperm antibodies, and obesity. Bacterial infections of the genital system are also important and common causes of infertility. Infections can disrupt the reproductive process through a variety of processes. Also, various studies have shown that Chlamydia trachomatis is directly related to sperm function and its effect on sperm parameters. This article gives you a brief overview of infertility and the factors that cause infertility and exacerbate it.
Copyright (c) 2020 Journal of Infertility and Reproductive Biology
The Novel Coronavirus: A Major Global Health Concern
Today, Coronavirus (Cov) is one of the most dangerous diseases worldwide, and many people suffer from it. Coronavirus as a deadly virus was first recognized and spread in the City of Wuhan, Province of Hubei, China. This virion contains nucleocapsid, which is consists of phosphorylated nucleoprotein (N) and genomic RNA. The RNA of coronaviruses is enveloped, not fragmented, and is a positively sensitive single-stranded RNA that is known to be the largest viral genome in various sizes from 26 to 32 kV. Cov usually tends to provoke mild to severe respiratory disease. The symptoms of Cov may comprise headache, cough, fever, sore throat, runny nose, and a discomfort sensation. People with chronic diseases and health care staff are at greater risk of infection. Some compounds, such as mycophenolic acid and cyclosporine A, RNAi, and monoclonal antibodies have shown inhibitory effects against Cov. This article briefly discusses the nature, symptoms, transmission, treatment, prevention, and protection of this deadly virus.
Spermatogenic Efficacy of Pausinystalia yohimbe (K. Schum.) Pierre ex Beille Roots in Male Rats
The roots of Pausinystalia yohimbe have been traditionally acclaimed as aphrodisiac. In the present study, methanol extract of the root was evaluated for its effect on sexual orientation behaviour and spermatogenesis in albino Wistar rats. Forty five (45) male albino rats were randomly divided into five groups of nine rats each. Rats in group I (control) were administered 1 mL/kg body weight distilled water (vehicle), group II received 5 mg/kg body weight sildenafil citrate (Viagra), while those in groups III, IV, and V were given 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg body weight, respectively, of methanol extract of Pausinystalia yohimbe root in the same volume. Female albino rats were made receptive by hormonal treatment. Sexual orientation behaviour parameters were monitored on days 1, 7 and 14 by pairing with receptive females. A change in sexual orientation behaviuor was assessed by orientation towards female, towards environment and towards self, while spermatogenic activity was evaluated on day 14. Administration of the extract had pronounced effect on sexual orientation behaviour of male towards the female rats on days 7 and 14. Males treated with the extract displayed more frequent and vigorous anogenital sniffing and mounting as compared to untreated animals. Libido was also at increase in extract treated male rats. The extract had stimulated the spermatogenetic activity and accessory reproductive organs performance in albino rats. The increased spermatogenesis in extract treated groups was confirmed by change in histoarchitecture as evidenced by increase in number of spermatogenic elements and parameters. P. yohimbe exhibited remarkable increase in sexual orientation, libido and spermatogenic activity which are some of the indices that determine the ability of a male to produce viable spermatozoa. These findings support the folk use of this plant as an aphrodisiac.
COVID 19 Pandemic, Mechanism of Pathogenesis, Preventions and Possible Cures to Save Humanity: A Study
The name "coronavirus" is derived from Latin corona, meaning "crown" or "wreath due to the characteristic appearance of virions , which have a fringe of large, bulbous surface projections creating an image reminiscent of a crown or of a solar corona. Human coronaviruses were discovered in the 1960s. The third novel coronavirus to emerge in this century is called SARS-CoV-2. It caused coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which emerged from China in December 2019 and was declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020. The virus enters into the host body through the mouth, nose and eye. From there, the virus makes its way down into the air sacs inside the lungs, known as alveoli. Once in the alveoli, the envelope spike glycoprotein present in the virus binds to its cellular receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) for SARS-CoV-2. There are two commonly used nucleic acid detection technologies forSARS-CoV-2 are real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and high-throughput sequencing. With no sure shot vaccine/ drug in sight till late 2021, medical practioners are using existing therapies and repurposing drugs to save lives. Prevention is the only way to stay safe and healthy. Immunity plays an important role in this disease, so it important have nutritious and healthy food to boost the immunity.
The Effects of Dopamine and Glutamate Agonists on Brain Histology and Food Intake of Quails Exposed to Environmental Heat Stress
The present study was aimed to investigate the effects of apomorphine (dopamine agonist) and glutamate on quails exposed to environmental heat stress. Thirty two male Japanese quails were randomly divided into four groups. Control quails maintained at 25-27 °C temperature while heat stressed quails exposed to outdoor temperature ranging from 25 to 41.7 °C for four days. Heat stressed quails were received saline, apomorphine (2 mg/kg, intraperitoneal ly) or glutamate (2mg/kg, intraperitoneal ly). After two days food intake were recorded and then birds were euthanized to perform histopathological investigations. The cumulative food intake was significantly reduced in heat stressed quails, especially in the glutamate treated quails. The brain histopathological changes were even more severe in the heat treated group.Treatment with apomorphine could reduce the adverse effects of heat stress on brain. These results showed the protective effects of apomorphine on heat stress-induced anorexia in quails.
Sperm Cryopreservation: Principles and Biology
Cryopreservation is a widely used method to preserve sperm prior to any cytotoxic therapy or testicular surgical intervention to be used later for assisted conception. Despite of multiple modifications in cryopreservation protocols, the yield of post-thaw good quality sperm has not been improved much. There is little data regarding factors affecting cryopreservation techniques and outcomes. Present review focuses on the basic biology of cryopreservation, its current protocols and effects on sperm proteomic and epigenomic modifications.
Prediction of Ovarian Response with Ovarian Response Prediction Index (ORPI) during Controlled Ovarian Stimulation in IVF
(Background): To evaluate ORPI as an index to predict the response to ovarian stimulation. (Methods): It is an observational prospective study of 734 patients who underwent controlled ovarian stimulation during period of 1.5 years (July 2017 to December 2018). Inclusion and exclusion criteria were taken into consideration when patients were recruited. ORPI is calculated by multiplying AMH level (ng/ml) and AFC (n) and the result is divided by age (years) of the patient. The primary outcome measured was number of MII oocytes and secondary outcome was total number of oocytes retrieved. (Results): Positive correlation of ORPI with MII oocytes and total number of oocytes is seen. Regarding the probability of collecting ≥4 oocytes under the ROC curve, the AUC for ORPI is 0.68 (95%CI 0.65-0.72) with sensitivity of 78.4 and specificity of 51.4 for a cut off of >0.44. For collecting ≥ 15 oocytes ROC curve had an AUC of 0.72 with sensitivity of 66.7 and specificity of 73.4 for a cut off of >1.28. ROC curve for the probability of collecting ≥4 MII oocytes depicted an AUC of 0.67 with cut off of >0.77. (Conclusion): The results of our study concluded that in a patient undergoing IVF treatment, ORPI has a poor ability to predict retrieval of ≥4 oocytes or ≥ 4 MII and fair ability for hyper response with ≥15 oocytes. ORPI can serve as a counselling tool for predicting ovarian response.
Pedigree Analysis: An Important Diagnostic Tool for Calculating the Risk Factor in Infertile Men of Indian Population
The problem of male infertility is widespread in the modern world and it is of utmost importance to look for risk factors and its early diagnosis so that corrective measures can be taken early on. The pedigree chart analysis is a very important tool in this regard which gives us the pictorial representation of the disease within the family. The research work was conducted in the Department of Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Cancer Hospital, and Research Center. Three-generation medical history of healthy control and infertile subjects were taken by preparing a pedigree chart in the form of pictorial representation. Physical examination was done for the Anthropometrical studies and other sexual inconvenience of the enrolled subjects. In the subjects enrolled for study the prevalence of infertility was found to be significantly high in families having a history of infertility and other habits in their generation line.
Meticulous Management of a Case of Severe Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome Using Dopamine Agonist and GnRH Antagonist: a Case Report
Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is characterised by increased capillary permeability and thus fluid shift from intravascular to extravascular compartment. Presence of abdominal distension causing discomfort to the patient, diameter of ovary more than 12 cm and ascites are the criteria to diagnose a case of severe OHSS. A, 28-year-old patient, P4L5 presented to our hospital, after ovulation induction and pick-up for oocyte donation, with abdominal distension and pain. She has history of severe OHSS, 4 months back as well. She was managed symptomatically, with close watch on her vitals, input-output, hematological and ultrasonological parameters. She was administered dopamine agonist in a dose of 1 mg/day and GnRH antagonist, injection cetrorelix 0.25 mg subcutaneously for 7 days. Paracentesis was also done twice for the patient under ultrasound guidance. Patient improved significantly over the course and was discharged in a stable condition.
Association of Copper-to Zinc Ratio with Sperm Concentration among Males Investigated for Infertility
The importance of copper and zinc in the fertility potential of males are well understood. The close relationship and the antagonistic interactions between copper and zinc requires further investigation especially because of conflicting reports in literature on the association of the trace elements with sperm quantity and quality. This study evaluates seminal plasma copper and zinc concentrations, copper-to-zinc ratio and their associations with sperm concentration in infertile males. This is a cross-sectional study of 400 males investigated for infertility and 100 male control subjects. Seminal plasma copper and zinc were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry technique (Buck Scientific Model VGP-210, Germany). The subjects were grouped based on sperm count; normozoospermia (>15 x 106cells/mL), oligozoospermia (<15x106cells/mL) and azoospermia (no sperm cell). The levels of copper, zinc and Cu/Zn ratio were compared using unpaired Students-t-test and analysis of variance while Pearson correlation coefficient was used to assess the correlation between measured variables and sperm count. Seminal plasma zinc was significantly lower (p<0.001) while copper and Cu/Zn ratio were significantly higher (p<0.001) in infertile than fertile males. The Cu/Zn ratio was significantly higher (p<0.001) among infertile males than controls. Seminal plasma levels of copper and Cu/Zn ratio increased with decreasing concentrations of sperm cells while zinc levels increase with increasing concentration of sperm cells. In conclusion: Copper-to-zinc ratio correlated with sperm concentration in infertile males. The interaction between copper and zinc may be routinely considered in the clinical evaluation of the infertile men.
Adverse Effects of some of the Most Widely used Metal Nanoparticles on the Reproductive System
Nanotechnology, which allows the manipulation of molecular dimensions, is used in many aspects of human life, from industrial to medical and therapeutic aspects. Features of nanoparticles and their unique capabilities have attracted a lot of attention. Among nanotechnology structures, metal nanoparticles have been widely used in many aspects of industry and medicine. The unique properties of these nanoparticles make possible to produce and expand them on a large scale, thus making the possibility of exposure to these nanoparticles more likely. Nanotechnology and nanoparticles like a double-edged sword despite its many benefits, it also has a number of disadvantages. One of the most important of these disadvantages is their toxicity. This toxicity may have adverse effects on the environment and humans. One of the most important adverse effects of nanoparticles is adverse effects on the reproductive system. In this paper, the adverse effects of some of the most widely used metal nanoparticles on the reproductive system are described. These adverse effects can be on: sexual behaviors, sexual organs, sperm count, sperm motility, sperm shape, sperm maturity, ovarian and follicle maturation, their fertility rate and also the level of sex hormones in men and women. The adverse effects of these nanoparticles and their toxicity on a variety of tissues and organs lead us to use safer nanoparticles.
Tetrad of Hormonal and Biochemical Manifestations in Phenotypes of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
A prospective observational case- control study was conducted to evaluate the relationship and prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism, hyperprolactenemia, impaired glucose metabolism and hyperhomocysteinemia as components of hormonal/biochemical manifestation tetrad amongst four phenotypes of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) with respect to controls. 200 women diagnosed as PCOS as per the ESHRE/ASRM Rotterdam criteria were taken as cases (group I) and 200 as controls (group II).All women recruited came for subfertility treatment to assure homogeneity in study population. Group I was further divided into four phenotypes. Records of demographic (age, BMI, duration of infertility), biochemical(homocysteine,fasting blood sugar,HBA1C)and hormonal (thyroid profile and prolactin)parameters of patients were taken. Both groups were comparable in age, ethnicity and marital status. Percentages of phenotypes A, B, C and D in our Indian population were 25.5%,16%,35.5% and 23 % respectively. BMI was significantly more in PCOS as compared to non-PCOS with highest mean in phenotype B subgroup. All parameters measured were significantly increased in PCOS group compared with non-PCOS group with prolactin levels similar in all phenotypes. Impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes incidence was more in phenotype C and D. Hypothyroidism and hyperhomocystenemia were higher in phenotypes B and C. Phenotypes are affected by hormonal and biochemical manifestations and if followed for long term may be associated with metabolic syndrome in future. Thus non classical phenotypes should also be properly monitored and treated as this hormonal imbalance and biochemical derangements add to the brunt of management of PCOS.
Menstrual Period and Anthropometric Characteristics of Women with Secondary Infertility and Age Matched Control
The study investigated the anthropometric characteristics and menstrual cycle of women with secondary infertility and compared these with an aged matched control. Seventy six participants (38 women with secondary infertility and 38 aged matched fertile women participated in the study. The anthropometric parameters of weight, height, waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), wrist circumference (WrC) and neck circumference (NC) were measured using standard protocol. Data was analyzed using IBM 23, descriptive and inferential statistics. Alpha level was set at 0.05. There was a significant difference in the body mass index of the women with secondary infertility and the control group (t = 4.642, p < 0.05). There was a significant difference in the waist-to-hip ratio (t = 3.496, p < 0.05) and waist to height ratio (t = 4.292, p< 0.05) of women with secondary infertility and the control group. There was also a significant difference in the average menstrual cycle length (t = 2.702, p < 0.05). There was a significant relationship between fertility and each of the anthropometric variables (p<0.05) except hip circumference. Those variables have a prediction of 54.8% and a predictive equation Y = 3.956 (Height) + 0.005(WC) +0.012 (NC) -0.216 (WrC) – 0.018 (Weight) – 1.076 was obtained. Women with secondary infertility carry more adiposity which contribute more that 50 % to the prediction of fertility and their menstrual cycle is longer than their fertile counterpart.
Stephen Olumide Akinsomisoye2 Akinsomisoye
L-Arginine, Quercetin and Their Combination on Testicular Function and Sexual Behaviors in Rats
L-arginine is the substrate for nitric oxide (NO) synthesis in biologic system. NO, being a free radical may induce some cytotoxic cascades related to impaired spermatogenesis. This study was undertaken to determine the effects of L-arginine, quercetin and their combination on the histology of the testes, oxidative stress biomarkers, hormones, sperm parameters and sexual behaviors in rats. 35 adult male rats divided into seven groups were used. A (Control), B (Sildenafil treated, 1.4mg/kg/day), C (L-arginine treated, 30 mg/kg/day), D (L-arginine treated, 100 mg/kg/day), E (Quercetin treated, 10 mg/kg /day), F (L-arginine, 30 mg/kg/day and Quercetin, 10 mg/kg/day) co-administrated, G (L-arginine, 100 mg/kg/day and Quercetin, 10 mg/kg/day) co-administrated. Animals were sacrificed after 8 weeks and the histology of the testes, oxidative stress biomarkers, hormonal assay, sperm parameters and some sexual behaviors were done. The results obtained from the study showed that L-arginine has a relatively adverse effect on spermatogenesis which was improved by co-administration with Quercetin. The findings from this study suggests that synergism between L arginine and Quercetin can improve spermatogenesis as well as sexual behaviors in rats.
Johnson Olawumi Feyisike1 Johnson Olawumi Feyisike
Environmental Pollution: a Risk Factor for Female Fertility-A Letter to Editor
Experimental data indicate that exposure to environmental pollution can lead to serious complications on the female reproductive system. Environmental pollution appears to affect reproductive success and outcomes by endocrine disruption and/or reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced oxidative stress. The aim of this letter to editor is to elucidate the impact of exposures to environmental pollutants on female reproductive health and outcomes. There is a need to increase the awareness among women to avoid exposure to the reproductive risk factors.
Determination of the Ovulation Time in the Laboratory Rats (Rattus norvegicus)
The rat has been elected as the main animal model in different studies involving reproduction. However, there are scarce and conflicting data related to its estrous cycle. The aim of the experiment was to determine the time of ovulation in the primiparous laboratory rats (Rattus Norvegicus) by counting the number of graafian follicles present in the ovary at the time of oestrus, determining the percentage of these follicles that eventually ovulate and determining the 'spread' of ovulation during the oestrus period. Fifty (50) albino laboratory rats were observed in oestrus with the help of males to determine the time the female first stood to be mounted. This time was considered the onset of oestrus and used as a landmark for timing of oestrus period. From this onset of oestrus, the period was divided into 10 x 1-hour intervals into which the female rats were grouped. Each hour interval had five rat members. Ovaries of rats harvested at the end of their group-hour intervals were studied histologically, for functional structures. Observed structures were counted for the calculation of ovulation rates. All oestrus rats had far shorter periods, the ovulation in this study were found to be widespread from the onset to the tenth hour peaking maximally at the sixth and seventh hour of oestrous. Follicular activity was found to be more in the left ovaries while ovulatory activity was more in the right ovaries. It was concluded that rats presented far shorter oestrus periods and all ovulations in the albino rats used in our laboratory occurred at the onset of oestrus and that the mechanism responsible for the first "stance for mounting" is responsible for the ovulation and that ovulation is induced in these rats.
Antifertility Potential of Isoniazid and Rifampicin in Adult Female Wistar Rats
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of INH and RIF on the reproductive functions of adult female Wistar rats. Twenty-eight adult female Wistar rats weighing between 160 g and 170 g were divided into four groups. Group A served as the control. Group B was given 5 mg/kg body weight of INH. Group C animals was given 10 mg/kg body weight of RIF. Group D animals received a combination of 5 mg/kg body weight of INH and 10 mg/kg body weight of RIF. Duration of treatment was 90 days and via oral route. Histological findings showed that INH and RIF caused histopathologic changes in the ovary and uterus. Compared with the control, the ovarian SOD was significantly elevated in all the treated groups. Ovarian MDA, CAT and GPx activities were significantly elevated in INH-only treated group. FSH was significantly elevated in RIF-only and INH and RIF co-treated groups. LH was significantly elevated in all the groups. Progesterone level was significantly reduced in INH-only and INH and RIF co-treated groups. Estradiol level was significantly elevated in RIF-only and INH and RIF co-treated groups. Testosterone level was significantly elevated in INH-only treated group. Prolactin level was significantly reduced in all the groups while testosterone:estradiol ratio was significantly elevated in INH-only treated group but significantly reduced in INH and RIF co-treated group. In conclusion, administration of INH and RIF caused toxicity in the female reproductive system.
Sugar Intake Disrupts some Reproductive Functions in Female Wistar Rats
The increasing rate of infertility has raised a lot of concern. Studies show that lifestyle and dietary factors affect reproductive functions. Sugar, a universal sweetener in the diet has been linked with metabolic syndrome and disruption of male reproductive functions. The objective of the current study is the assessment of the effects of sugar on some reproductive functions of female Wistar rats. Twenty (20) adult female Wistar rats (180-200 g) randomly divided into four (n=5), received 10 mL/Kg distilled water (group 1 - control), 6.25, 20, and 64 mg/Kg Sugar (groups 1, 2, 3) daily by oral gavage for three (3) weeks, respectively. Parameters evaluated were fasting blood glucose, estrous cycle, histology and relative weights of reproductive organs, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and estradiol hormone levels. Sugar significantly decreased (p < 0.05) fasting blood glucose level and relative weights of ovary and uterus compared to control. It also significantly reduced the frequency of estrus and diestrus phases but caused significant increases (p < 0.05) in the metestrus phase of the estrous cycle and FSH level in comparison with the control. There were anomalies in the histology of the ovary and uterus. Therefore, sugar disrupted the estrous cycle, altered the weights and cytoarchitecture of the ovary and uterus. Sugar consumption has harmful effects on some reproductive functions of female Wistar rats.
Copyright (c) 2021 Journal of Infertility and Reproductive Biology
Risk Factors and Spatial Clustering of Primary Infertility in India
This study aims to (a) understand the level and risk factors of primary infertility, and (b) assess the spatial clustering of primary infertility at the district level in India. Data of currently married women aged 20-49 years married for at least 24 months (n=4,45,499) gathered through the National Family Health Survey-4 (2015-16) was used for this analysis. The NFHS-4 is a nationally representative survey of 601,509 households that provides information for wide range of indicators of health, nutrition, and women's empowerment. Only those respondents who gave consent were interviewed in the survey. Binary logistic regression was carried out to examine the adjusted effect of socio-economic and demographic characteristics on primary infertility. The univariate Local Indicator of Spatial Association (LISA) cluster maps and Moran's I statistics were applied for spatial autocorrelations at the district level. Three percent of the studied women had primary infertility, and the prevalence varies considerably by socio-economic and demographic characteristics. Women marrying at 30+ years (OR: 16.52), with thyroid problems (OR: 1.41), obese women (OR: 1.12), and those from socially backward classes (OR: 1.32) were more likely to have primary infertility. The univariate LISA cluster maps revealed hotspots of primary infertility in most parts of Karnataka, two clusters in Arunachal Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, one cluster each in southern Maharashtra, south-west Odisha, south Chhattisgarh, and north-central Uttar Pradesh. Awareness generation about the preventable risk factors and provision of infertility care services at primary health care facilities will be of use in addressing infertility in India.
Influence of Mating Time on some Serum Biochemical and Endocrine Parameters of Rabbit Does Following Estrus Synchronization
Studies on the influence of mating time on some serum biochemical/endocrine parameters were carried out using forty adult rabbits does, following estrus synchronization, artificial insemination, and natural service. The rabbit does use were New Zealand White, Dutch, California, Chinchilla, and Gray breeds. They were divided into four group types of 10 rabbits does with different breeds each, designated as natural service (NS), Artificial Insemination (A.I), Natural service + Gonadotropin (NS + GnRH), Artificial Insemination + Gonadotropin (A.I + GnRH). The NS + GnRH and A. I + GnRH rabbit does were synchronized using 0.5 ml Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) analog (Lecirelin) i.m injection at point of insemination/Service. The mean albumin value differs significantly (P≤0.05) with 3.5 ± 0.2 mg/l before mating and 2.9 ± 0.2 mg/l after mating. Glucose means values also differ significantly (P≤0.05); it was higher before mating with 96.4 ± 4.8 mg/dl than after mating with 68.3 ± 2.8 mg/dl. Total protein means values differed significantly (P≤0.05) having 5.9 ± 0.1 g/l before mating, and 5.1 ± 0.1g/l after mating. Oestrogen values were 21.3 ± 1.7 pg/ml before mating and 17.8 ± 0.8 pg/ml after mating. Mean progesterone value before mating was 3.8 ± 0.41 ng/mL and 15.0 ± 2.9 ng/mL after mating. Mean serum biochemical parameters were higher before mating than after mating and were within the normal range. It was concluded that estrus synchronization, artificial insemination, and natural service had an effect on the biochemical and endocrine response of rabbit does.
Global Productivity of Rabbit Does (Oryctolagus Cuniculus) Following Oestrus Synchronization, Natural Service and Artificial Insemination
Knowledge of the rabbit reproductive pattern would go a long way in boosting the productivity potential of rabbits in Nigeria. This work was aimed at determining the global productivity of rabbit does (Oryctolagus cuniculus) following oestrus synchronization, natural service, and artificial insemination. Forty adult rabbits do were used to carry out studies on the global productivity of rabbit does following oestrus synchronization, artificial insemination and natural service. They were divided into four groups designated as natural service (NS), Artificial Insemination (A.I), Natural service + Gonadotropin (NS + GnRH), Artificial Insemination + Gonadotropin (A.I + GnRH). The NS + GnRH and A. I + GnRH rabbit does were synchronized using 0.5 ml Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) analogue (Lecirelin) i.m injection at point of insemination/Service. Oestrus response rate, fertility rate, prolificacy rate, conception rate, and global productivity were determined. 10 % of the does which showed flattening, circling and aggression were all classified under indications of unwillingness to mate. Lordosis was observed in 70 % of the does while 20 % of the does allow mounting without lordosis. The fertility rate of rabbits does to natural service was 63.3 % and artificial insemination was 50 % following oestrus synchronization (hormonal and non-hormonal). The prolificacy rate obtained was 652.6 % and 593.6 % for natural service and artificial insemination. The conception rate was 63.3 % for natural services and 50% for artificial insemination. It was concluded that the Oestrous response rate of rabbit does to synchronization improved by 44.44 % in hormonal (GnRH) than the non-hormonal methods. Natural service showed an improvement in the fertility rate by 21.01 % as compared to artificial insemination following oestrus synchronization (hormonal and non-hormonal).
Ethanolic Extract of Combined Cynodon dactylon and Mimosa pudica Ameliorated Experimentally Induced Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in Wistar Rats
Cynodon dactylon (CD) and Mimosa pudica (MP) have been known in folk medicine to relieve urinary troubles, and scientific studies have demonstrated their anti-inflammatory, diuretic, nerve regenerative, antispasmodic, pain alleviation, and muscle relaxant potentials. This study attempted to screen extract of CD and MP combination (CDMP) for its ability to ameliorate experimentally induced prostatic hyperplasia in the rat model, which could serve as possible management of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Twenty adult male Wistar rats were divided randomly into four groups. Groups A (normal control) and B (induced BPH control) received oral administration of distilled water, while IBPH groups C, and D received oral administration of low dose (LD) 0.46 g/ml and high dose (HD) 0.92 g/ml of CDMP extract per Kg BW, respectively for four weeks. Blood samples were collected from each rat to determine prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentrations. Caudal epididymal sperm count, and testicular weight and histological examination were also evaluated. The CDMP ethanolic extract caused a significant (p<0.05) reduction in PSA levels and relative weight of the prostate in the treated rats. The relative weight of testis was significantly higher in CDMP treated groups. The sperm count in all IBPH groups was significantly (p<0.05) reduced. Evidence of recoveries was observed in prostates of CDMP treated groups with an increase in the fibromuscular, interacinar tissue, thinning of the prostate epithelium, and stroma. The findings suggest that ethanolic extracts of Cynodon dactylon and Mimosa pudica can serve as a potential candidate in the management of benign prostatic hyperplasia and its symptoms.
Imade Oluwatosin Victoria2 Imade Oluwatosin Victoria
Effects of Cypermethrin on Growth, Biochemical and Reproductive Parameters in Female Japanese Quails (Coturnix japonica)
The present study was highlighted to evaluate the effects of cypermethrin on growth and reproductive parameters on female Japanese quails. Seventy-two female Japanese quails aged 5 weeks, were divided into four groups of 18 birds each and subjected to the following treatments; treatment 0 (T0) received no concentration of cypermethrin in its feed; treatment 1 (T1) received 130mg of cypermethrin/kg of feed; treatment 2 (T2) received 285 mg of cypermethrin/kg of feed; treatment 3 (T3) received 655 mg of cypermethrin/kg of feed. The results revealed that exposure to cypermethrin caused a decrease in the body weight gain in a dose-dependent manner. This insecticide caused a significant (P<0.05) increase in the weight of the kidney and the liver of treated groups compared to the control treatment. Cypermethrin 36% also significantly (P<0.05) increased the level AST, ALT, and creatinine of the treated groups compared to the control group. Reproductive parameters revealed a significant (P<0.05) decrease in the hatching rate of treatment 3 (T3) compared to the control. In addition, the level of serum estradiol significantly decreased in the treated groups compared to the control group, this decrease was in a dose-dependent manner. Histopathological analyses revealed hepatic necrosis, cellular infiltration, and vascular congestion in the liver of the treated groups. Meanwhile in the kidney histopathological examination revealed glomerulonephritis, leucocytic infiltration, and mesangial expansion. Indeed, cypermethrin has an adverse effect on body weight gain, caused hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity as well as reproductive toxicity in female quails.
Developmental Botanic: A Case Study on Chromatographic Determination of Phytocompounds in the Roots of Anthocleista nobilis (G. Don.) as Pro-fertility
Medicinal plants have great importance in African medicine and are also used as precursors in drug discovery. The medicinal value of plants lies in their bioactive constituents which usually allow them to act as remedy in several ailments. Plant-based natural constituents can be derived from any part of the plant like roots, bark, leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds. The present study is designed determining phytocompounds present in Anthocleista nobilis root as pro-fertility, and its validation by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. GC-MS analysis of the methanol extract of A. nobilis root was performed using a Perkin Elmer GC Clarus 500 system comprising an Agilent technologies 5975 MSD model detector and a gas chromatograph interfaced to a mass spectrometer with the aid of the Turbo mass 5.0 software. The study results of the GC-MS analysis provided different phytochemical compounds possessing several biological activities such as dietary, antioxidant, anti-cardiac disorder, antimicrobial, antifungal, anticancer, anti-inflammatory activities etc. This study, therefore, showed that root of Anthocleista nobilis is source of biologically active metabolites. Furthermore, root extract revealed the presence of diverse chemical constituents. The experimental findings of this study justify the use of Anthocleista nobilis in ethno-medicine, and suggest a recommendation of A. nobilis root as a plant of dietary and phytotherapeutic importance.
Contraceptive Effect of Methanol Leaves Extract of Dalbergia saxatilis on Female Albino Rats
Contraception is the deliberate use of artificial methods or other techniques to prevent pregnancy as a consequence of sexual intercourse. This research was aimed at studying the contraceptive effect of methanol leaves extract of Dalbergia saxatilis on female albino rats. Standard laboratory methods were used to test for the presence of the following phytochemicals; alkaloids, anthraquinones, anthraquinone glycosides, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, phenols, saponins, tannins, and terpenoids. The LD50 of Dalbergia saxatilis was determined by the up and down method and fifteen rats were used. The contraceptive effect was evaluated via anti ovulation, anti-implantation, and hormonal assay respectively in female albino rats. Female albino rats were treated with varying concentrations of methanol leaf extract of Dalbergia saxatilis. Dalbergia saxatilis revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponin, saponin glycoside, glycoside, cardiac glycoside, tannins and steroids, balsams, anthraquinone and terpenoid were not detected. The results showed that Dalbergia saxatilis is relatively safe as LD50 is >3000 mg/kg. Subchronic (21 days) administration of methanol leaves extract of Dalbergia saxatilis exhibited a reduction in serum progesterone and estrogen levels significantly (P<0.05) at 300 mg/kg BW and 600 mg/kg BW when compared to the normal control. The histology of the anti-implantation effect of the extract on the uterus showed that the endometrial thickness reduced in a dose-dependent manner while the anti-ovulation effect also showed a reduction in the number of follicles in a dose-dependent manner. Therefore, the use of Dalbergia saxatilis as an antifertility agent in traditional medicine has pharmacological basis and this research validates the traditional claim.
Prevention of Arsenic Induced Testicular Oxidative Stress and DNA Damage by Coenzyme Q10 and Vitamin E in Swiss Albino Mice
Arsenic toxicity has become one of the major public health problems in certain parts of the world. Thus, it is rational to find out a suitable compound to prevent arsenic-induced toxicity for clinical usage. Hence, the Coenzyme Q10 and Vitamin E were tested against arsenic-induced testicular oxidative stress and DNA damage. The mice were divided into five groups, animals of the four groups were exposed to 136 ppm arsenic via drinking water for 30 days. Subsequently, animals of three groups were treated with Vitamin E (50 mg/kg b.wt.), Coenzyme Q10 (10 mg/kg b.wt.), and their combination for 30 days, and animals of the 4th group were maintained without antioxidant treatment. The animals of the 5th group (without any treatment) served as control. Thereafter, blood was collected, for DNA damage study, and testis dissected out to assess oxidative stress. The body and testis weight gain was lower in the arsenic subjected group compared to the control group whereas antioxidants (Vitamin E, Coenzyme Q10, and combination) treatment checks to some extent this decline. Biochemical data indicated that lipid peroxidation level was higher while reduced glutathione, total thiol, superoxide dismutase, and total protein level was significantly lesser in the arsenic exposed group compared to the control group, and antioxidants treatment diminished arsenic-induced these alterations to some extent. Arsenic induces DNA damage in the blood cells of mice by displaying a significantly lower head DNA percentage and a higher level of tail DNA percentage, tail length, tail moment, while Vitamin E, Coenzyme Q10, and combination were able to lower these changes. The data further revealed that the combined treatment of Vitamin E, Coenzyme Q10 is more effective than the treatment of these antioxidants individually.
The Role of Retinal Pigment Epithelium in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Age Related Macular Degeneration
Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) has a fundamental role in preserving retinal health via supporting and protection of photoreceptors, establishment of the outer blood-retinal barrier, and engaging in many biochemical reactions. Therefore, RPE malfunction and destruction in disorders such as age-related macular degeneration can eventually result in outer retinal degeneration and permanent loss of vision. Cell-based and gene-based therapies to rectify RPE function are novel approaches to treat disorders, which otherwise considered untreatable. These strategies are particularly effective in patients who still have an acceptable retinal function, and thus should be applied in the early stages of the disease. There are a variety of approaches for RPE replacement therapy and many promising target gene therapy. There is still a long way to establish the best method in this regard. This review focused on the role of RPE in the pathogenesis of retinal disorders and also the role of cell or gene therapy in the management of retinal disorders.