Journal of Infertility and Reproductive Biology
The Journal of Infertility and Reproductive Biology (JIRB) is a quarterly, peer-reviewed, open-access journal dedicated to publishing high-quality research and review articles in all areas of infertility and reproductive sciences. The journal provides a scholarly platform for the dissemination of innovative research findings and critical analyses that advance understanding in reproductive medicine, biology, endocrinology, genetics, and related disciplines. JIRB is published and financially supported by Dorma Journals, Dubai, United Arab Emirates. As an open-access journal, all articles are freely available to readers worldwide, ensuring high visibility, wide dissemination, and global access to scientific knowledge without publication or subscription fees. The journal is guided by a distinguished international Editorial Board and supported by a panel of expert reviewers from renowned universities and research institutes across Germany, Spain, Iran, South Korea, India, Bangladesh, and many other countries. The editorial team is committed to maintaining the highest standards of publication ethics, scientific quality, and editorial integrity. All manuscripts submitted to JIRB undergo a rigorous peer-review process, including double-blind evaluation by at least three independent reviewers, followed by a final assessment by the journal’s editors. This process ensures that only original, methodologically sound, and scientifically valuable research is published. JIRB welcomes original research papers, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses that contribute to advancements in reproductive health, infertility diagnosis and treatment, assisted reproductive technologies, reproductive genetics, and related fields. Through its commitment to quality and openness, the journal aims to serve as a reliable source of information for clinicians, researchers, and scholars in reproductive sciences
Subcutaneous Infiltration of Gentamycin Saline Solution to Reduce Rates of Cesarean Section Surgical Site Infection in Primigravidas Scheduled for Elective Cesarean Section
Cesarean section is a daily practice with the incidence in Egypt exceeding 40 percent, and surgical site infection is an uncommon morbidity, and efforts have been made extensively to lower the infection rate. The presented work aimed at lowering surgical site infection in cesarean section with the use of gentamycin solution pre-closure to reduce CS-SSI rates. The presented work was a controlled trial involving 200 cases of elective cesarean section done in Zinat Alhyat hospital for delivery in Benha city. Two hundred cases recruited from Zinat al-Hayat hospital in Benha were divided into two groups: group one [gentamycin group] hundred cases receiving pre-closure irrigation of the subcutaneous tissue with a gentamycin vial 40mg diluted in 10 ml syringes, then closing the wound with Prolene sutures. Group 2 hundred cases not [control non-intervention] receiving gentamycin infiltration and taken as the control group, the wound was closed with Prolene sutures without infiltration with gentamycin. Written consent was signed by all participants in the trial. The study gave the following. Cesarean section surgical site infection dropped from 8 percent in the control group to 1 percent in the trial group with gentamycin. Surgical site infection post-cesarean section can be reduced by subcutaneous infiltration with gentamicin saline solution.
Post-cesarean section surgical site infection
Copyright (c) 2022 Journal of Infertility and Reproductive Biology
Pericentric Inversion of Chromosome 9 in a Non-Consanguineous Couple with Spontaneous Abortions
The balanced pericentric inversion of chromosome 9, inv(9) despite being considered a normal variant has been frequently observed and reported in individual partners with spontaneous abortions. To the best of our knowledge, we report the first case of this chromosomal abnormality in both partners of a non-consanguineous marriage. This report highlights that inv(9) in both partners may be leading to unbalanced rearrangements in the fetus thereby leading to spontaneous abortions.
Male Infertility: Etiology and Evaluation
Infertility is defined as the unable to conceive despite having one year of regular unprotected intercourse. It affects both genders globally. The increase in incidence is also due to delaying the start of families in many couples. Infertility is generally classified into two categories when a couple is unable to conceive after at least 1 year of unprotected sexual intercourse is termed primary, while any couple who has conceived previously but is not unable to conceive again is called secondary. The couple should consider the evaluation, if either partner has any known risk factor for infertility (e.g., advanced female age, male with a history of undescended testicles), or if the couple has concerns about their fertility potential. In most cases, it is recommended that both partners be evaluated simultaneously to prevent any delays in successful treatment. According to the WHO report on reproductive health, infertility may affect 15% of couples per year globally, of these, 20% will have a male factor that is solely responsible; male factors will contribute to an additional 30% of cases. When a man has any problem with his reproductive system it can lead to male infertility. Exposure to toxic substances, chemotherapy, radiation, and physical problems with the testes. Lifestyle, notably poor health habits and conditions (smoking, obesity, excessive alcohol consumption, use of drugs, testosterone, or anabolic steroids) may cause infertility in both sexes. Undescended testicle (cryptorchidism), Past inflammation of the prostate or past genital infections and/or high fever, Injury to or Torsion (constricted blood flow to a testicle), exposure to certain medications, pesticides, and other toxins, injury to the spinal cord, prostate surgery, hormone problems, genetic or chromosomal conditions testicular cancer, vasectomy, sexually transmitted diseases, varicocele (dilated veins in the scrotum), Ejaculatory disturbances Early or late puberty, Exposure of the genitals to high temperatures, Hernia repair can cause infertility.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Infertility and Reproductive Biology
Interaction of Parasitemia, Haemato-Biochemical Indices and Gross Reproductive Pathology of Rabbit Bucks Infected with Trypanosoma Brucei Brucei
This study was designed to determine the interaction between parasitaemia, haemato-biochemical indices and gross reproductive pathologies of 20 adult rabbits (bucks), experimentally infected with Trypanosoma brucei over 12 weeks. Ten out of the 20 rabbit bucks were inoculated intraperitoneally with 1ml of saline-diluted blood containing 1 x 106 trypanosomes T. brucei brucei, while the remaining ten rabbit bucks were left uninfected. The infected rabbit bucks were monitored for nine weeks, while the others served as control post-infection. Parasitaemia was present at day six in the group A animals with mean values of 2.90±0.31, after which there were fluctuations in the levels of parasitaemia. Peak parasitaemia was attained at day 10 post-infection having a mean value of 3.00±0.33. The overall mean parasitaemia was 1.99 ± 0.25. There was a progressive decrease in PCV with mean values of 40.07 ± 0.49 % and 36.42 ± 1.15 % for the control and infected groups, respectively. Haemoglobin concentrations had mean values of 14.31 ± 1.01a g/dl and 12.21 ± 0.39b g/dl for the control and infected groups, respectively, while plasma protein concentrations of infected and control groups had mean values of 6.48 ± 0.08a gms/100ml and 6.41 ± 0.17b gms/100ml, respectively. The study revealed a significant decrease (p˂0.05) in haematological values and plasma protein concentrations of rabbit bucks infected with Trypanosoma brucei when compared to the control. It is therefore concluded that the metabolism and health status of rabbits infected with T. brucei brucei is altered which might lead to increased mortality, infertility and or sterility.
Comparative Effects of Azanza garckeana Fruit Pulp and Melatonin on Chronic Bisphenol A- evoked Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Semen Parameters Changes in Rabbit Bucks
The study aimed to elucidate serum and testicular oxidative stress changes induced by bisphenol A (BPA) and their amelioration by Azanza garckeana (AG) pulp extract and melatonin. Adult New Zealand White rabbit bucks (n = 42), with an average live weight of 1.2 ± 0.03 kg and aged 10-18 months were fed ad libitum on a commercial diet. They were randomly divided into seven groups of six (6) bucks each. Group A was administered distilled water (1.5 mL); group B, BPA (100 mg/kg); group C, AG (500 mg/kg); group D, melatonin (1.0 mg/kg); group E was pre-dosed for six weeks with BPA (100 mg/kg), then AG (500 mg/kg) for another six weeks; group F was pre-dosed for six weeks with BPA (100 mg/kg ), then melatonin (1.0 mg/kg) for another six weeks; and group G was pre-dosed for six weeks with BPA (100 mg/kg), then AG (500 mg/kg) and melatonin(1.0 mg/kg) for another six weeks. There was a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the activities of both serum and testicular superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase as well as a decrease in MDA concentration in treatment groups. The percentage of dead sperm, and spermatozoa abnormalities such as detached sperm heads, and free, coiled, and bent tails in the groups exposed to BPA increased significantly (P < 0.05) compared to controls. It is concluded that BPA-induced oxidative stress. The administration of AG only ameliorated these negative effects better than melatonin. However, optimum results were seen when both substances were administered synergistically.
The Preservative Effect of Pineapple Juice on Chilled Bull Semen
This study was conducted to determine the preservative effects of pineapple juice on the progressive motility (PM) and plasma membrane integrity (PMI) of chilled bull semen. Semen samples obtained from bred Holstein bulls were diluted in egg yolk citrate extender (EYC) and firstly substituted with pineapple juice (Ananas comosus) at four levels of substitution; 0.25ml, 0.50ml,0.75ml, and 1ml of pineapple juice (PJ) in five treatments; T2, T3, T4, and T5 respectively with T1 being the control. Secondly, pineapple juice (Ananas comosus) was added at four levels of addition; 0.25ml, 0.50ml,0.75ml, and 1ml of pineapple juice (PJ) in five treatments; T2, T3, T4, and T5 respectively with T1 being the control. The diluted semen samples were preserved at a temperature of 50C and microscopic evaluation was done each day for PMI and PM until all the sperm cells died. The results obtained indicate a higher progressive motility and plasma membrane integrity for both the substitution and addition of pineapple juice in the EYC extender compared to the control. It was therefore evident that the substitution of egg yolk in the EYC extender with pineapple juice at 25% led to higher PMI and PM. Substitution of egg yolk in egg yolk citrate extender at 75% and 50% did not show a significant difference with the control while a 100% substitution resulted in a rapid drop in PMI and PM values. There was a higher (P<0.05) PMI and PM at all levels of addition as compared to the control with the highest PMI and PM obtained from T2, T3, T4, and T5 but shows no statistically significant difference (P<0.05) between them. It is therefore evident pineapple juice in the EYC extender has a significant positive effect on plasma membrane integrity as compared to the control with no pineapple juice.
Testicular/ Epididymal Morphometry of Rabbit Bucks Experimentally Infected with Trypanosoma Brucei Brucei.
The effects of experimental infection with Trypanosoma brucei brucei on testicular/epididymal morphometry of 20 adult male rabbits (bucks) were determined over a 12 weeks study period. Ten rabbit bucks were infected with 1 ml of the parasites containing 1 X 106 trypanosomes, while the other 10 bucks served as control post-infection. At the end of the experiment, two bucks from each of the groups were sacrificed and their testes were harvested for the determination of testicular/epididymal morphometry. The mean paired testicular weights for the control and the infected rabbit bucks were 1.81 ± 0.11 g and 1.82 ± 0.05 g. The mean paired epididymal weights of the control and the infected rabbit bucks were 3.19 ± 0.03 g and 2.83 ± 0.18 g, respectively. The mean paired testicular lengths for the control rabbit bucks were 8.09 ± 0.56 g, while the mean paired testicular lengths for the infected rabbit bucks were 7.79 ± 0.71 g respectively. This study has shown that T. brucei brucei is pathogenic to rabbit bucks causing serious reproductive disorders thereby exerting a negative effect on rabbit production and the socio-economic wellbeing of the tsetse endemic areas in the country and that the animals could serve as reservoirs of infection to other animals.
Structural, Physiological, Biochemical and Biotechnological Aspects of Mammalian Spermatozoa: An Overview
Fertilization, an important phase of reproduction, is physiologically the union of the male and female gamete. This progression involves the fusion of an oocyte with a sperm, leading to generation of a single diploid cell, the zygote, from which a new individual organism develops. The elucidation of the physiological, biochemical and molecular mechanisms of fertilization has enthralled researchers of relevance for several years. This overview embodies this fascinating progression at physiological, biochemical and molecular level. A number of molecules have been recognized to play a key role in each step of this interesting process pertaining to the sperm magnetism from the oocyte, the sperm maturation, the sperm and oocyte union and the two gamete pronuclei fusion leading to the development of zygote. The compilation of data and salient hypotheses covered by this review provides new insights into perception of the causes of fertility issues due to fertilization disorders using the platform of in silico studies.
Fertility Assessment of Male Wistar Rats Orally Exposed to Chloroform Stem Extract of Portulaca Oleracea Linn. (Purslane)– An Experimental Study
Portulaca oleracea Linn. has a history of extensive use as a medicinal plant and is frequently used by traditional medicine practitioners in Nigeria. Different parts of P. oleracea L. have been studied for their effect on the reproductive physiology of animals but there is a paucity of information on the stem as it relates to male fertility. This study, therefore, investigated the sub-chronic effect of oral administration of P.oleracea stem extract on male fertility indices (semen analysis, testosterone concentration, and testicular histology) in Wistar rats. Twenty animals were randomly divided into 4 groups of 5 rats each. Group A(Control) received 0.5 ml of olive oil(vehicle) while Groups B, C & D received 125, 250 & 500 mg/kg of extract respectively for 21 days by oral gavage. In the end, the animals were anesthetized and blood samples were collected for testosterone assay, caudal epididymis for semen analysis, and testes for histology. P.oleracea stem extract had no significant (p>0.05) effect on serum testosterone concentration, testicular histoarchitecture, and sperm viability, morphology & motility relative to control. However, there was a significant (p=0.014) reduction in the sperm cell count of rats exposed to the highest dose (500mg/kg) in relation to the control. Oral administration of P.oleracea stem extract as used in this study may harm male fertility; thus further study is recommended to ascertain if prolonged exposure will validate this finding.
Copyright (c) 2023 Journal of Infertility and Reproductive Biology
Association of Serum Kisspeptin Levels and Pregnancy Outcomes in Assisted Reproductive Technology
Kisspeptin, a neuropeptide produced by syncytiotrophoblast cells, has been hypothesized to regulate successful placental formation. Several studies have shown a positive correlation between maternal serum kisspeptin levels and successful pregnancy outcomes in second and third-trimester pregnancy, but trends in early pregnancy have not been well-established. In this prospective case-control study, we examine whether kisspeptin levels correlate with serum beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (bhCG), progesterone, or pregnancy outcomes at the time of pregnancy testing in cis-gendered females (n= undergoing assisted reproductive technology. Pregnancy testing occurred at an average of 33 days after the last menstrual period for non-IVF protocols and an average of 12 days after blastocyst transfer for IVF protocols. Outcome groups included: viable first-trimester pregnancy (n=18), early miscarriage (n=12), ectopic pregnancy (n=5), biochemical pregnancy (n=16), and not pregnant (n=12). Descriptive statistics including Chi-squared or Fisher’s Exact, ANOVA and Pearson’s correlation coefficient were utilized. Kisspeptin values did not show a significant difference between outcome groups. A weak positive correlation was demonstrated between kisspeptin and bhCG in biochemical and viable pregnancy but not for other outcomes. In contrast, a significant correlation between kisspeptin and measured progesterone value or exogenous progesterone, regardless of administration route, was not observed. In this study population, a single serum measurement of kisspeptin very early in pregnancy was not significantly different between pregnancy outcomes. The utility of kisspeptin as a pregnancy biomarker in the first trimester remains unclear. Additional studies are needed to further investigate the relationship between viable intrauterine pregnancy and serum kisspeptin concentration in the early first trimester and the current findings suggest that it may prove useful in combination with bhCG.
The Effect of Age, Sperm Freezing, and Washing on Intrauterine Insemination Outcome: a Retrospective Analysis
Age and semen quality can significantly affect the outcome of intrauterine insemination treatment. However, few studies have evaluated the effect of age, semen cryopreservation, and washing on intrauterine insemination outcomes. The current study evaluates the effects of woman age and semen donor age, semen processing, and freezing on intrauterine insemination outcomes. Significant negative correlations were found between semen donors’ age and sperm concentration, progressive motility, and normal morphology. Donors aged less than or equal to 30 years had better semen quality compared to those aged above 30 years. Significant higher semen viscosity, semen volume, total sperm count, progressive motility, total progressively motile count, normal morphology, and total normal sperm count were observed in fresh semen samples of donors who had positive pregnancies after intrauterine insemination. Furthermore, significantly higher post-wash progressive motility was obtained in donors who had positive pregnancies after intrauterine insemination. The results of this study provide insight into the eligibility in terms of age and semen characteristics of patients seeking intrauterine insemination.
Characteristics of Sub-Saharan African Women Seeking Assisted Reproductive Technique (ART) and Outcomes
To describe the features of women seeking assisted reproductive technique (ART) in the Gabonese Republic (sub-Saharan Africa) and investigate In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) success in this sub-Saharan setting. In this retrospective study, we analyzed data of women on their first IVF round from January 1st, 2019, to December 31st, 2020. The Analyzed data included antimullerian hormone (AMH) levels, antral follicle count (AFC), number of mature oocytes collected, myomas, tubal obstruction, partner abnormality in the spermogram, and history of urogenital infection and pelvic surgery. Women seeking assisted reproductive techniques were characterized by a high prevalence of tubal obstructions (73.4%), myomas (39%), and a history of urogenital infection (35.5%). We retrieved a total of 1662 oocytes of which 1439 mature oocytes. The average serum AMH concentration was 2.33(+/-2.71) ng/ml while the average AFC WAS 14.63 (5+/-11.37). In up to 50% of infertile couples, a male factor plays a role. The rate of IVF procedures leading to live birth was 31%. Women who had gynecologic surgery had better odds to give live birth (2.7 odds; p-value = 0.01). Our study showed that a high and combined burden of fallopian tubal obstructions, urogenital infection, and myomas characterize IVF candidates in Gabonese Republic. Also, the IVF success rate in this setting is close to what is observed globally.
Sub-clinical Mastitis and Reproduction:Season, Parity and Stage of Lactation Effects onConception Rate and Milk Somatic Cell Count
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of subclinical mastitis (somatic cell count (SCC)>250000 cells/ml) on the fertility of Holstein dairy cows in different parities, lactation stages and seasons. Data of 2437 SCC in a dairy farm including number of insemination, pregnancy detection, date of calving and insemination, SCC after insemination (maximum of 30 days), and parity were evaluated. The rate of subclinical mastitis in the first, second, third and fourth and more lactation number was 18.8%, 25.7%, 26.5% and 35.4%, respectively and in spring, summer, autumn and winter was 24.5%, 19.7%, 18.5% and 33.6%, respectively. The likelihood of pregnancy decreased by a factor of 0.73 and 0.91 in cows had subclinical mastitis and for each increase in parity (from 1 to ≥4), respectively. The likelihood of pregnancy increased in cows inseminated in the mid (1.3) and late (1.7) and in cows inseminated in the autumn (1.73) and winter (1.38). Conception rate of cows with subclinical mastitis (24.6%) was lower than cows without subclinical mastitis (30.9%; P=0.003). In addition, the conception rate in the second and third lactation in cows with subclinical mastitis was significantly lower than in cows without subclinical mastitis. The conception rate of cows with subclinical mastitis in summer in the second lactation and in winter in the second and third lactation was significantly lower than in cows without subclinical mastitis. Therefore, subclinical mastitis in mid lactation stage and also in the second and third parities especially in summer and winter can disturb fertility more than the other conditions. Also, considering these facts during these periods of times in managing of subclinical mastitis can improve fertility outcome of the herd.
Seasonal Variation in Semen Quality in Sub-Sahara Africa
Semen analysis is the cornerstone for the investigation of male infertility. Semen quality can be influenced by geographical location, age, ejaculatory abstinence, and season. While studies evaluating seasonal variations in semen analysis parameters are conflicting, limited data are available for men residing in sub-Saharan African countries. Therefore, the current cohort study was designed to retrospectively analysing the effects of seasonal changes on semen parameters. Semen analysis reports (n=70,765) were collected from records of fertile and infertile men residing in sub-Saharan African countries. Semen parameters such as pH, volume, sperm concentration, total sperm count, progressive motility, sperm morphology normed sORP were collected for the purpose of the study. A seasonal change in semen parameters of men residing in sub-Sahara Africa was found, with sperm concentration and total sperm count higher in winter compared to summer and autumn. The lowest sperm concentration was found in summer. Semen parameters of men residing in sub-Saharan African countries showed seasonal variations. Consequently, seasonal shifts should be considered in the management of infertile patients in sub-Saharan African countries.
Unveiling the Link: Investigating theEnvironmental Factors and Lifestyle Contributingto Infertility
Infertility is an emergent global public health issue in both the sexes. This comprehensive review delves into the intricate connections between environmental factors, lifestyle choices, and infertility. Research demonstrates that exposure to pollutants, toxins, and endocrine disruptors has profound effects on both male and female reproductive systems. Additionally, lifestyle factors such as elevated temperatures, smoking, obesity, and stress significantly contribute to the development of infertility. By analysing epidemiological studies, experimental research, and clinical observations, this review sheds light on the complex interplay between environmental factors, lifestyle choices, and infertility. It underscores the urgent need for further investigation to establish causal relationships and develop effective interventions. The findings of this review hold valuable insights for clinicians, researchers, and policymakers grappling with the challenges posed by infertility. A deeper understanding of the multifaceted factors influencing infertility will help inform targeted strategies for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. By prioritizing research and implementing evidence-based interventions, we can hope to address the increasing prevalence of infertility and improve the overall reproductive health of individuals and populations worldwide.
Menstruation is an herbal and quintessential vicinity of the reproductive cycle; 1/2 of the human populace has or will trip it. Menstrual Health (MH) is a quintessential phase of sexual fitness and rights. Access to Menstrual Health is, In addition, a human appropriate and necessary to public health. MH is fundamental for the fitness well-being mobility, education, monetary empowerment, and dignity of women, girls, and human beings who menstruate. Yet shame, stigma, and misinformation surrounding the menstrual existence cycle undermine the well-being of women, girls, and those who menstruate, making them inclined to gender discrimination, infant marriage, exclusion, violence, poverty, and untreated fitness problems. Enabling women, girls, and those who menstruate to manipulate their menstruation, and, barring shame, let them issue out their dignity, agency, and autonomy and revel in wonderful human rights. It affords them with wishes and manipulation of their bodies and lives 2020 used to be 12 months of pain, pause, and adaptation for billions of human beings spherical in the world. The COVID-19 Pandemic disrupted the fitness shipping machine at a magnitude that ushered in a new world. It, in addition, affected girls’ and women’s administration to manipulate their menstruation and their health. Integrating menstrual health into healthcare systems is crucial, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic has disrupted healthcare services, including access to menstrual health products and services, which has disproportionately affected women, girls, and those who menstruate. As a result, there is a need to prioritize and integrate menstrual health into the broader healthcare system to ensure that everyone has access to menstrual health products, information, and services. This integration will help to reduce the stigma surrounding menstruation, improve education on menstrual health, and empower women, girls, and those who menstruate to take control of their menstrual health. It will also help to ensure that menstrual health is recognized as a human right and is incorporated into public health policies and programs.
Investigating the role of Lin28/Let7 pathway and RF-amide-related peptides in precocious puberty: therapeutic insights from traditional Chinese
Precocious puberty, defined as the onset of secondary sexual characteristics before age 8 in girls and 9 in boys, poses significant physical and psychological challenges for affected children. This mini-review investigates the role of the Lin28/Let7 pathway and RF-amide-related peptides (RFRPs) in the regulation of puberty, focusing on their implications for precocious puberty. Recent studies highlight the Lin28/Let7 pathway as a critical regulator of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion, with disruptions linked to early pubertal onset. Moreover, RFRPs function as inhibitors of GnRH, acting to delay the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Importantly, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has emerged as a potential therapeutic intervention, demonstrating efficacy in modulating these pathways and delaying precocious puberty in animal models. This review synthesizes current findings to enhance understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying precocious puberty and proposes potential therapeutic strategies informed by TCM and molecular insights.
The Prevalence of Reproductive Diseases of Dogs in Zaria, North-Western Nigeria
A total of eight hundred and two dogs were examined at a survey of Small Animal Clinic of the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, with structured questionnaire and visitations to households and cattle herds with dogs carried out for six months to determine the rate of occurrence of reproductive diseases of dogs within the study areas. 382 of these 802 dogs examined had reproductive diseases, diagnosed by clinical and laboratory examinations. The disorders revealed were abortion (5.05%}, uterine prolapse (0.08%), conception failure (2.16%), stillbirth (0.41%), metritis (2.01%), vaginitis (0.98%), neonatal death (1.72%), weak pup/ small litter (2.94%), vaginal prolapse (0.08%), vaginal polyps (0.08%) and transmissible venereal tumour (0.44%) in female dogs. While in males were; preputial discharge (0.17%), posthitis (0.17%), cryptorchoditism (0.52%), orchitis (0.34%), Prostatic disease (0.34%), testicular degeneration (0.17%) infantile penis (0.17%), infertility (5.55%), inability to mate (0.34%), epididymitis (2.0%) and transmissible venereal tumour (0.34 %). The sex distributions were 0.44 % and 0.42% for female and male dogs respectively, with overall prevalence rate of 21.3% for these reproductive disorders. The occurrence of reproductive diseases causing infertility is considered a limiting factor to dog breeding with significant production losses to breeders. The economic and public health significant of those amongst these diseases with underlying infectious causes such as brucellosis between those in contact with infected dogs and the general public is also considered to be important.
Reproductive Tissue Biobank – A Minireview
Biobanks of reproductive tissues are essential for drug discovery and disease modeling of reproductive diseases. They represent biobanks that collect, store, and manage biological samples, such as sperm, oocytes, embryos, and reproductive tissues, as well as associated clinical and genetic data. The RTB aims to promote infertility research by providing high-quality biological samples for academic and clinical studies related to genetic disorders and other reproductive health issues. The RTB will: a) Create generation and dissemination of tissue samples and samples from reproductive tissues. b) Comply with ethical and regulatory frameworks for using reproductive tissues in research and treatment. c) Enable the identification of new biomarkers, therapeutic targets, and personalized therapies for reproductive diseases. In this article, we will discuss how and why reproductive tissue biobanks are formed, their relevance, and their increasing importance for advancing reproductive medicine.
Effects of L-Glutamine on Vitrification of Human Semen: A Comparative Lab Trial
To assess the effects of 10 mM L-glutamine on cryoprotectant-free vitrification of human semen.This lab trial was conducted on 15 semen samples collected from August 2023 to October 2023 in Mahdiyeh Hospital, Tehran, Iran. The samples were collected from consenting men requesting semen analysis. The samples had total sperm motilities of at least 40%, DNA fragmentation index (DFI)> 12%, and semen volumes were higher than 1 mL. Total motility, viability, DFI, and Hypo-Osmotic Swelling Test (HOST) results were compared between fresh, control freeze, and antioxidant-supplemented freeze groups. The data was analyzed with t-test. The results showed higher levels of total motility and viability, in the antioxidant group compared to the control freeze group. However, the differences did not reach statistical significance (P>0.05). DFI levels in post-warming samples of the L-glutamine group remained higher than in fresh samples and similar to vitrification without antioxidants (P< 0.05). This research suggests that L-glutamin at a 10mM dose has no protective effect against DNA fragmentation.
Curcumin and Its Nanoformulations: Exploring Therapeutic Potential in Female Reproductive Health
This review explores the potential therapeutic benefits of curcumin and its nanoformulations for treating common reproductive health problems in women, including polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), endometriosis, and premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Curcumin is a bioactive compound sourced from turmeric that possesses analgesic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. These characteristics position it as a strong candidate for helping to relieve symptoms related to various health conditions. Nanoformulations enhance curcumin’s bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy, allowing for better absorption and targeted action. Additionally, the review discusses the role of curcumin in reducing toxicity within the female reproductive system, highlighting its impact on hormone regulation and cellular health. Overall, this review highlights the importance of conducting additional research to thoroughly understand the mechanisms behind curcumin and its nanoformulations in female reproductive health, suggesting they may provide valuable synergistic approaches to complement conventional treatments of female reproductive disorders.
The Impacts of Noise Pollution on Sperm Quality and The Suggestive Mechanisms
Chronic exposure to environmental noise is increasingly recognized as a significant stressor with potential detrimental effects on male reproductive health. Noise-induced stress can impact sperm quality through various mechanisms, including oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, endocrine disruption, genetic and epigenetic damage, and inflammation. These factors can lead to impaired sperm concentration, motility, morphology, and viability, thereby affecting male fertility. Emerging evidence suggests that noise exposure may also influence the success of assisted reproductive technologies (ART), such as in vitro fertilization (IVF), by reducing fertilization rates and embryo development. This review integrates current findings and highlights research gaps, emphasizing the need for comprehensive studies on the interaction between noise and other environmental stressors.
Efficacy of Unani Formulations in Waja-ulMafasil (Rheumatoid Arthritis)- A Randomized Comparative Clinical Study
Arthritis is described in the Unani system of Medicine under the broad term "Waja‘al-Mafāsil," which encompasses various joint disorders, including inflammatory, non-inflammatory, infectious, metabolic, and other musculoskeletal disorders. In the conventional system of Medicine, Rheumatoid arthritis is considered a chronic inflammatory disorder that can affect more than just joints. In India, it affects 15% (180 million) of the population. According to the Unani concept, the pathological changes in the joints are mainly caused by derangement of Akhlat (humoural) temperament and accumulation of Fasid madda (morbid material) in the joint spaces. The aim of the study wad to evaluate and compare the efficacy of Group-A & Group-B Medicine in the Management of Waja-ul-Mafasil (Rheumatoid Arthritis) and also to provide alternate safe and effective herbal medicines with maximum efficacy and minimal side effects. A randomized comparative clinical study was conducted with 40 participants recruited from the male Outpatient Department (OPD) and Inpatient Department (IPD) of Moalijat (General Medicine) at Government Nizamia Tibbi College & Hospital in Hyderabad. Verbal consent was obtained from patients before examinations and investigations. All participants provided written informed consent prior to the trial. Group A and Group B received medication for 6 months, and pre- and post-trial assessments were conducted using the Student's t-test and paired test. Pre- and post-trial drug efficacy assessment was conducted using VAS. After completion of the trial, a 90% response rate was observed in Group A, whereas Group B showed a 70% response rate (p-value 0.001*), indicating high significance. It was concluded that the response to selected Unani Medicines was better in the early stages of the disease when there are no gross structural changes in the affected joints. However, even in chronic cases, Group-A medicines proved to be more effective than Group-B."
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome as a Variant of Metabolic Syndrome- A Review Article
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine disorder affecting 6–12% of women of reproductive age worldwide. It is primarily characterized by hormonal imbalances, irregular menstruation, and ovarian cysts. Recent studies, however, propose that PCOS extends beyond a reproductive condition and shares significant overlaps with metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of risk factors, including insulin resistance, abdominal obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, which collectively elevate the risk of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and other related complications. Insulin resistance, a hallmark of metabolic syndrome, is present in approximately 70% of women with PCOS. Elevated insulin levels foster fat accumulation, particularly around the abdomen, leading to visceral fat deposition. Dyslipidemia, another common metabolic disturbance in PCOS, involves high triglycerides and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, further linking the condition to metabolic syndrome. Hormonal imbalances in PCOS, particularly increased androgen levels, intensify these metabolic disruptions, contributing to symptoms such as acne, weight gain, and hirsutism. The overlap between PCOS and metabolic syndrome underscores the need for comprehensive management strategies addressing both reproductive and metabolic health. Lifestyle changes, such as adopting a balanced diet and regular physical activity, are essential for improving insulin sensitivity and mitigating cardiovascular risks. Pharmacological interventions, like metformin to combat insulin resistance, and anti-androgen medications to manage hormonal symptoms, may complement lifestyle modifications. By recognizing the metabolic dimensions of PCOS, healthcare professionals can develop targeted, personalized treatment plans that improve reproductive health while reducing the risk of chronic conditions such as type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and infertility. A holistic approach to managing PCOS can enhance patient outcomes, ensuring better long-term health and quality of life for affected women.
Protective Role of Gallic Acid in Restoring miR34c-5p Expression in Testicular Tissue of Cadmium-Induced Reproductive Damage in Adult Male Mice
Cadmium, a known environmental toxin, is associated with significant reproductive damage, including the dysregulation of key genetic pathways. This study investigated the protective role of gallic acid in mitigating cadmium-induced testicular damage by regulating miR-34c-5p gene expression. Eighteen healthy male Balb/c mice were divided into six groups: Group 1 (control) received normal saline, Groups 2 and 3 were treated with gallic acid (50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg, respectively), Group 4 received cadmium (3 mg/kg), Group 5 was administered cadmium (3 mg/kg) with gallic acid (50 mg/kg), and Group 6 received cadmium (3 mg/kg) with gallic acid (100 mg/kg). Treatments were administered intraperitoneally over five weeks, with cadmium given weekly and gallic acid twice weekly. Results revealed a significant reduction in miR-34c-5p expression in cadmium-exposed mice compared to the control group (p < 0.0001). Gallic acid alone (50 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg) did not significantly alter miR-34c-5p expression compared to the control (p > 0.05). However, co-administration of gallic acid (50 mg/kg) with cadmium significantly increased miR-34c-5p expression (p < 0.05), although levels remained lower than in the control group (p < 0.01). Similarly, cadmium-treated mice receiving gallic acid (100 mg/kg) showed an increase in miR-34c-5p expression, but this was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). In conclusion, gallic acid demonstrates a dose-dependent protective effect against cadmium-induced suppression of miR-34c-5p expression in testicular tissue. These findings highlight the potential of gallic acid as a therapeutic agent in mitigating cadmium-associated reproductive toxicity.
Stem Cells and Treatment of Infertility: A Literature Review
Infertility by the inability to achieve a clinical pregnancy after 12 months of consistent, unprotected sexual intercourse or due to an individual’s diminished capacity to reproduce independently or with a partneris characterized. This paper aims to comprehensively explore infertility treatments, emphasizing the potential role of stem cells in offering effective and safe solutions. Additionally, it delves into the legal and regulatory challenges associated with stem cell research, focusing on the legislative frameworks in six major European countries. For individuals who do not benefit from traditional assisted reproductive technologies (ART), stem cell-based treatments present a promising alternative. However, ethical dilemmas and unresolved immunological concerns continue to pose significant barriers, necessitating further robust research to facilitate widespread adoption of these therapies. The ethical controversy surrounding the use of human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) arises from the requirement to destroy human embryonic tissue during their extraction. Despite these challenges, stem cell research has paved the way for significant advancements in infertility treatment. Addressing the intricate ethical and legal questions linked to these therapies will require the development of standardized, evidence-based guidelines and best practices, ensuring that patients' reproductive rights while adhering to the foundational principles of medical ethicsare upheld.
Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART)
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Treatment of Reproductive Diseases Via Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT): A Scientific Mini-Review
Reproductive diseases, including infertility, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and endometriosis, represent a growing global health burden. Emerging evidence suggests that the gut microbiome plays a critical role in regulating reproductive health, opening new avenues for therapeutic interventions. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), a procedure involving the transfer of healthy donor microbiota to a recipient, has shown promise in treating a range of conditions, from metabolic disorders to gastrointestinal diseases. This mini-review explores the potential of FMT as a novel treatment for reproductive diseases, highlighting its mechanisms, efficacy, and future directions.
Qillat-e-Darqiyya (Hypothyroidism): A Comparative Approach Between Conventional Medicine and Unani System of Medicine
Hypothyroidism refers to hormone deficiency caused by intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction that disrupts the synthesis and secretion of T4 and T3. Primary Hypothyroidism is one of the most common endocrine conditions, occurring in 5% of individuals. Mild hypothyroidism is present in as many as 15% of older adults. Hypothyroidism is more common in women. Thyroid hormone deficiency affects almost all body functions, and hypothyroidism, if left untreated, may lead to complications such as infertility, delirium, dementia, cerebellar ataxia, seizures, psychosis (myxedema madness), confusion, myxedema coma, hypothermia, severe cardiac failure (myxedema heart), pericardial effusions, etc. In conventional medicine, levothyroxine is being used effectively in the management of hypothyroidism, but it can suppress the TSH to subnormal range and can cause serious side effects on bone density and cardiac function, such as osteoporosis, atrial fibrillation, myocardial ischemia, etc. In a recent survey conducted by the American Thyroid Association, it was demonstrated that patients taking natural preparations, rather than synthetic hormone replacement therapy or combination therapy, were more satisfied with their treatment. In the Unani system of medicine, the principles of treatment (Uṣūl-i-‘Ilāj) include Tanqiya (elimination of morbid material from the body) and Ta‘dīl-i-Mizāj (temperamental alteration). Accordingly, the disease-causing humor, i.e., Balgham (Phlegm), needs to be evacuated from the body. For this purpose, Munḍij-i-Balgham (Phlegmatic Concoctive) drugs, such as Baykh Kāsnī, Baykh Bādiyān, Baykh Izkhar, Baykh Karafs, Barg-i-Gaozabān, Gul-i-Gaozabān, Tukh Khatmī, Teen, etc., and Mushil-i-Balgham (Phlegmatic Purgative) drugs, such as Turbud, Sanā Makkī, Tukhm Ḥanzal, Qusṭ, Ghariqūn, Muqil, Sūranjān, etc., can be used. This review paper will highlight recent literature on this topic and offer some practical aspects according to the Unani System of Medicine.
Acrylamide and Male Infertility: Exploring the Implication for Reproductive Health
Acrylamide, a chemical compound found in various foods and industrial products, has become a topic of growing concern in recent years. Research has shown that this substance has an impact on male reproductive health, potentially contributing to infertility issues. As scientists delve deeper into understanding the effects of environmental factors on human health, the relationship between acrylamide and male reproductive function has emerged as a crucial area of study. Here the key insight into how acrylamide affects male infertility explores. It examines the nature of acrylamide and its presence in our daily lives, as well as its specific effects on the male reproductive system. Also, the mechanisms behind acrylamide-induced male infertility, highlighting studies that shed light on its impact on sperm and testis function. Additionally, it offers practical advice to reduce acrylamide exposure, providing readers with valuable information to safeguard their reproductive health.
Psychological Aspects of Infertility: A Mini Review
Infertility is a disorder of the reproductive system accompanied by related problems. People in a couple want to live a normal life and have healthy children. But life presents them with a complicated scenario and many other wrong decisions. Infertility is a serious psychological problem that affects mental health and social relationships. This review examines the psychological effects of infertility with emphasis on their relationship with reproductive outcomes. Existing research emphasizes the role of stress, anxiety, depression, and lifestyle factors in affecting the hormonal and immune systems, thereby affecting fertility. In addition, the emotional effects of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) contribute to the cycle of stress and infertility. The review also emphasizes the need for holistic treatment models that address both the physical and psychological aspects of infertility. Research shows that infertile women demonstrate higher levels of anxiety and depression compared to fertile women and that infertility affects relationships, social dynamics, and quality of life. In this regard, this manuscript brings together interdisciplinary perspectives on how mental health affects reproductive outcomes and vice versa. It advocates a biopsychosocial model] that takes into account the physiological, emotional, and cultural aspects of infertility.