Review of the Presence of Microplastics in Drinking Water: Occurrence, Mechanisms, Health Implications, and Treatment Strategies

Abstract

Microplastics have emerged as an environmental contaminant of concern. They are now frequently detected in drinking water. This review paper summarizes recent studies on the occurrence, sampling and analytical methods, sources, removal technologies, and potential human health risks. Short laboratory tests and field studies show that microplastic contamination may occur from raw water sources, during water treatment, and via distribution systems. The chemical and physical properties of microplastics and their interactions with co‐contaminants are discussed. Finally, we review treatment technologies and future research needs. This review calls for standardized methods and further risk assessment to ensure safe drinking water.